𓋹 Ancient Egyptian Rulers

Sources & citations

Academic Sources & Bibliography

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Every dynasty date, reign length, and biographical detail in the Pharaoh Archive is drawn from the sources listed below — academic publications, museum and university archives, and documentaries — compiled here in APA 7th edition format so anyone can trace a claim back to where it came from.

Why this page exists

A bibliography at the end of a project is only useful if readers can actually find it. This page collects, in one place and in a standard academic citation format, every source consulted while researching the rulers and dynasties covered across the archive — from Narmer to Cleopatra VII.

Reference list

Every source below was entered into the project's research database during the compilation of the archive and drawn upon for one of three purposes: as direct evidence for a specific biographical or chronological claim, as a secondary synthesis used to verify dates and dynastic successions, or as a comparative reference used to correlate and reconcile conflicting accounts between sources. The full list is alphabetized in APA 7th edition style, with letter markers below to make an individual entry easy to locate.

#

  1. 21 Oddities about the real life of Egyptian pharaoh, King Tut. (n.d.).

A

  1. Alexander the Great in Egypt. (n.d.). [Unpublished manuscript].
  2. Ancient Egypt Online. (n.d.). First Intermediate Period. Ancient Egypt Online.
  3. Ancient Egypt's greatest pharaoh queen: Hatshepsut (Full Documentary). (n.d.). [Video]. YouTube.
  4. Ancient Egyptian chronology and the Book of Genesis. (n.d.). Answers Research Journal.
  5. Ancient Egyptian Chronology. (n.d.).
  6. Ancient Origins Magazine. (n.d.). Tutankhamun. Retrieved November 22, 2025, from https://ancientoriginsmagazine.com/tutankhamun
  7. Answers in Genesis. (n.d.). The Third Intermediate Period. Answers in Genesis.
  8. Antiquities Museum. (n.d.). Ancient Egyptian Kings List. Antiquities Museum.

B

  1. Baker, D. D. (2008). The encyclopedia of the pharaohs: Volume 1: Predynastic to the twentieth dynasty (3300–1069 BC). Stacey International. ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9.
  2. Bodleian Libraries. (n.d.). Databases A–Z. University of Oxford. https://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/az.php?s=132680
  3. Bourriau, J. 1991, 'Patterns of change in burial customs during the Middle Kingdom' in S. Quirke (ed.), Middle Kingdom Studies, 3–20. New Malden.
  4. The British Museum. (n.d.). Online research catalogues. https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online-research-catalogues
  5. The British Museum. (n.d.). The Ramesseum papyri: Online research catalogue [Archived version]. UK Government Web Archive, The National Archives. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20190801105848/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_research_catalogues/rp/the_ramesseum_papyri.aspx

C

  1. Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Ancient Egypt - Assets. Cambridge University Press.
  2. Carnarvon, G. Herbert Earl of, et al. 1912, Five Years' Exploration at Thebes: A Record of Work Done 1907–1911. London.
  3. Carter, H., & Mace, A. (1923). The tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen: Discovered by the late Earl of Carnarvon and Howard Carter (Vol. 1). Cassell & Company.
  4. Carter, H., & Mace, A. (2000). The tomb of Tut Ankh Amen, Vol. III: The annexe and treasury. Duckworth.
  5. Chronicles of the First Dynasty: Rulers of early Egypt. (n.d.). [Unpublished manuscript].
  6. Chronologies and the materiality of time in Ancient Egypt. (n.d.). OJS Service der Universität Wien.
  7. Comprehensive historiographical survey of Ancient Egyptian dynasties, rulers, and digital reference archives. (n.d.). [Unpublished manuscript].
  8. Costa, M. (2022). Sitamun and Nebmaatra: The parents of Tutankhamon? Retrieved November 5, 2025, from https://www.academia.edu/72347425/Sitamun_and_Nebmaatra_the_Parents_of_Tutankhamon
  9. Current World Archaeology. (n.d.). Petrie Museum. Current World Archaeology.

D

  1. Desroches-Noblecourt, C. (1963). Tutankhamen: Life and death of a pharaoh. New York Graphic Society.
  2. Dodson, A., & Hilton, D. (2004). The complete royal families of ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05128-3.
  3. DW | Ancient Egypt. (n.d.). The 13th and 14th Dynasties. [Video]. YouTube.

E

  1. Early Dynastic Egypt ruler list. (n.d.). [Unpublished document]. Google Docs.
  2. EBSCO Research Starters. (n.d.). Hyksos create Second Intermediate Period. EBSCO.
  3. Egypt - dynasties. (n.d.). [Data file]. Google Drive.
  4. Egypt Exploration Society. (n.d.). Tutankhamun: The life, death, and afterlife of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh. Retrieved January 8, 2026, from https://www.ees.ac.uk/resource/tutankhamun.html
  5. Egypt Fun Tours. (n.d.). King lists: Abydos, Turin, Karnak, Palermo Stone, and Manetho. Egypt Fun Tours.
  6. Egypt Tours Portal. (n.d.). Ancient Egypt books: History, culture, and religion. Egypt Tours Portal.
  7. Egypt's last pharaoh was the 'love child' of Caesar and Cleopatra. (n.d.). [Unpublished manuscript].
  8. El-Gohary, M. (2026). The tomb of Tutankhamun: A semantic review article. Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies, SI(1), SI1–SI8. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2026.499284

F

  1. Five Books. (n.d.). The best books on Ancient Egypt. Five Books.
  2. Forman, W. and Quirke, S. 1996, Hieroglyphs and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt. London.

G

  1. Gardiner, A.H. 1907, 'Eine neue Handschrift des Sinuhegedichtes'. Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.hist. Kl., Berlin 7, 142–9.
  2. Gardiner, A.H. 1955a, The Ramesseum Papyri. Oxford.
  3. Goota Travel. (n.d.). Ancient Egypt civilization: Pharaonic tombs — Tomb of Tutankhamun, Luxor, Egypt. Retrieved December 4, 2025, from https://gootatravel.com/ancient-egypt-civilization/pharaonic-tombs/tomb-of-tutankhamun-luxor-egypt/
  4. Grokipedia. (n.d.). Turin King List. Grokipedia.

H

  1. Harrell, J. (1992). Ancient Egyptian limestone quarries: A petrological survey. Archaeometry, 34(2), 195–211.
  2. Hawass, Z., & Vannini, S. (2008). King Tutankhamun: Treasures of the tomb. Thames & Hudson.
  3. History Skills. (n.d.). Where to find sources for Ancient Egypt. History Skills.
  4. History with Cy. (n.d.). Ancient Egypt dynasty by dynasty - Dynasties XIII & XIV / Start of the Second Intermediate Period. [Video]. YouTube.
  5. History with Cy. (n.d.). Ancient Egypt dynasty by dynasty - First Dynasty of Egypt / Dynasty I. [Video]. YouTube.
  6. History with Cy. (n.d.). Ancient Egypt dynasty by dynasty - Scorpion, Narmer and the Predynastic Period / Dynasty 0. [Video]. YouTube.
  7. History with Cy. (n.d.). Ancient Egypt dynasty by dynasty - Third Dynasty and the First Pyramids of Egypt / Dynasty III. [Video]. YouTube.
  8. History with Cy. (n.d.). History of Ancient Egypt: Dynasty XVIII - Egypt's Golden Age and the start of the New Kingdom. [Video]. YouTube.
  9. History with Cy. (n.d.). History of Ancient Egypt: Dynasty XXI - The start of the Third Intermediate Period (1069-945 BC). [Video]. YouTube.
  10. History of the Palermo Stone: What information does it preserve, and why is it significant?. (n.d.).

I

  1. Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures. (n.d.). Egypt. Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures.
  2. Institute of Egyptian Art & Archaeology. (n.d.). Other Egypt web sites: Artifacts and museum collections. The University of Memphis.
  3. Institute of Egyptian Art & Archaeology. (n.d.). Timeline of Ancient Egypt. The University of Memphis.

J

  1. JAEI 20. (n.d.). University of Arizona Libraries.

K

  1. King list. (n.d.).

L

  1. Leach, B. 2006, 'A conservation history of the Ramesseum Papyri'. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 92, 225–40.
  2. Lecuyot, G. 1999, 'Le Ramesseum de la Troisième Période Intermédiaire à l'époque copte' in Barbotin and Leblanc 1999: 75–80.
  3. Leprohon, R. J. (2013). The great name: Ancient Egyptian royal titulary. Society of Biblical Literature.
  4. Lorand, D. 2009, Le papyrus dramatique du Ramesseum. Lettres Orientales 13; Leuven.

M

  1. MacDonald, S., McKeown, R., & Quirke, S. (n.d.). New initiatives at the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. UCL Press Journals.
  2. Marchant, J. (2013). The shadow king: The bizarre afterlife of King Tut's mummy. Da Capo Press.
  3. Meyrat, P. 2011, 'Les papyrus magiques du Ramesseum. Recherches sur une bibliothèque privée de la fin du Moyen Empire'. Thèse présentée en vue de l'obtention du titre de Docteurs ès lettres; Université de Genève. Geneva.
  4. Miniaci, G. 2011, Rishi Coffins and the Funerary Culture of Second Intermediate Period Egypt. GHP Egyptology 17; London.
  5. Morenz, L. 1996, Beiträge zur ägyptischen Schriftlichkeitskultur des Mittleren Reiches und der Zweiten Zwischenzeit. Ägypten und Altes Testament 29; Wiesbaden.
  6. Morgan, M. 2006, Pan's Road. Oxford.

N

  1. National Geographic Education. (n.d.). Beyond King Tut: An educational companion. Retrieved November 30, 2025, from https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/beyond-king-tut/
  2. Nelson, M. 2003, 'The Ramesseum Necropolis', in Strudwick and Taylor 2003: 88–94.
  3. Nelson, M. 2006, 'La tombe d'une nourrice royale du début de la XVIIIème dynastie découverte au Ramesseum: Concession funéraire ST1.Sa05/pu01'. Memnonia 17, 115–29.
  4. Nile Scribes. (n.d.). Digital resources for teaching Ancient Egypt. Nile Scribes.

O

  1. Odyssey. (n.d.). The untold history of the women who dominated Egypt | Egypt's lost queens. [Video]. YouTube.
  2. Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit. (n.d.). Radiocarbon dating and the Egyptian historical chronology. ORAU.

P

  1. Parkinson, R.B. 1999, Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone and Decipherment. London.
  2. Pharaoh Hatshepsut (Maatkare) and Ramses II. (n.d.). [Unpublished manuscript].
  3. Pharaoh.se. (n.d.). Egyptology book series. Pharaoh.se.
  4. Pharaoh.se. (n.d.). Karnak Canon king list. Pharaoh.se.
  5. Pharaoh.se. (n.d.). Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. Pharaoh.se.
  6. Pharaoh.se. (n.d.). Turin king list: Contents. Pharaoh.se.
  7. PM: B. Porter, R.L. Moss et al., Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings (1st edn 7 vols, 2nd edn ongoing). Oxford, 1927–
  8. PubMed. (n.d.). Radiocarbon-based chronology for dynastic Egypt. PubMed.

Q

  1. Quack, J.F. 2006, 'Zur Lesung und Deutung des Dramatischen Ramesseumpapyrus'. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 133, 72–89.
  2. Quibell, J.E. 1898, The Ramesseum. Egyptian Research Account 2, 1–21, pls 1–30a. London.
  3. Quirke, S. 2005, Lahun: A Town in Egypt 1800 BC, and the History of its Landscape. Egyptian Sites [4]; London.

R

  1. Ramesses III did not exterminate the Sea Peoples.... (n.d.). [Unpublished manuscript].
  2. Raue, D. 1999, Heliopolis und das Haus des Re: Eine Prosopographie und ein Toponym im Neuen Reich. Abhandlungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo 16; Glückstadt, Hamburg, New York.
  3. Raven, M. J. (1993). Mummies onder het mes. De Bataafsche Leeuw.
  4. Realistic reconstruction of Cleopatra face. (n.d.). [Unpublished manuscript].
  5. Reeves, C.N. 1990, Valley of the Kings: The Decline of a Royal Necropolis. London and New York.
  6. Reeves, N. (1990). The complete Tutankhamun. Thames & Hudson.
  7. Reeves, N. (2015). Tutankhamun's mask reconsidered. Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar, 19, 511–526.
  8. Reeves, N., & Wilkinson, R. H. (1996). The complete Valley of the Kings: Tombs and treasures of Egypt's greatest pharaohs. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05080-4.
  9. Religion Wiki. (n.d.). List of pharaohs. Fandom.
  10. Ritner, R.K. 1993, The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 54; Chicago.
  11. Ritner, R.K. 2006, '"And each staff transformed into a snake": The serpent wand in Ancient Egypt' in K. Szpakowska (ed.), Through a Glass Darkly: Magic, Dreams, and Prophecy in Ancient Egypt, 205–25. Swansea.
  12. Roehrig, C. (2016). Royal tombs of the eighteenth dynasty. In R. Wilkinson & K. Weeks (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the Valley of the Kings (pp. 183–199). Oxford Academic.
  13. Rulers, dynasties and kingdoms of Ancient Egypt. (n.d.). Middle East And North Africa.
  14. Ryholt, K. (2004). The Turin King-list. Ägypten und Levante, 14, 135–155.

S

  1. ScienceDaily. (n.d.). Constraining the reign of ancient Egypt: Radiocarbon dating helps to nail down the chronology of kings, researchers say. ScienceDaily.
  2. Sethe, K. 1928, Dramatische Texte zu altägyptischen Mysterienspielen. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens 10; Leipzig.
  3. Shaw, I. (Ed.). (2000). The Oxford history of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press.
  4. Simple English Wikipedia. (n.d.). Turin King List. Wikimedia Foundation.
  5. Smither, P. 1945, 'The Semnah Despatches'. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 31, 3–10.
  6. Strudwick, N. 2001, The Legacy of Lord Carnarvon: Miniatures from Ancient Egypt and the Valley of the Kings [The University of Wyoming Art Museum exhibition catalogue]. Wyoming.
  7. Strudwick, N. and Taylor, J. (ed.) 2003, The Theban Necropolis: Past, Present and Future. London.

T

  1. The 17th and 18th dynasties. (n.d.). [Unpublished manuscript].
  2. The First Dynasty of Egypt: The birth of a civilization. (n.d.). [Video]. YouTube.
  3. The Great Life of Ramses (Full Documentary) Pharaoh Ramesses II of Ancient Egypt. (n.d.). [Video]. YouTube.
  4. The History of Amenhotep III: The magnificent pharaoh (Documentary). (n.d.). [Video]. YouTube.
  5. The pharaoh who outlawed the gods. (n.d.). [Audio recording].
  6. The Second Dynasty of Egypt: A time of transition. (n.d.). [Video]. YouTube.
  7. The synthesis of digital historiography, geopolitical alliances, and animated memetics: A study of the 'Cy-Egypt' cultural and economic corridor. (n.d.). [Unpublished manuscript].
  8. Tutankhamun's tomb (innermost coffin and death mask). (n.d.). [Unpublished manuscript].
  9. Tyldesley, J. (2012). Tutankhamen: The search for an Egyptian king. Basic Books.

U

  1. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. (n.d.). About the UEE. UCLA.
  2. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. (n.d.). Chronology. UCLA.
  3. University College London. (n.d.). Digital Egypt for Universities. UCL.
  4. University College London. (n.d.). Egyptian chronology. UCL.
  5. University College London. (n.d.). Kings of Ptolemaic Egypt. UCL.
  6. University College London. (n.d.). Kings of the New Kingdom. UCL.
  7. UsefulCharts. (n.d.). Egyptian pharaohs family tree | Dynasties 1 to 31. [Video]. YouTube.

V

  1. Van Beek, N. (n.d.). Databases. Nicky van de Beek.
  2. Van Beek, N., & Depauw, M. (n.d.). People in Greek documentary papyri. Trismegistos.org.

W

  1. Wegner, J. 2009, 'A decorated birth-brick from South Abydos: New evidence on childbirth and birth magic in the Middle Kingdom', in D.P. Silverman, W.K. Simpson and J. Wegner (eds), Archaism and Innovation: Studies in the Culture of Middle Kingdom Egypt, 447–96. New Haven, Philadelphia.
  2. Wikimedia Commons. (2025, July 28). Map and photographic diagram of the royal tombs in the central sector of the Valley of the Kings [Image]. Wikimedia Foundation. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/kir%C3%A1lyok_v%C3%B6lgye_%28keleti_v%C3%B6lgy_k%C3%B6z%C3%A9ps%C5%91_r%C3%A9sz%C3%A9nek_s%C3%ADrjai%29.jpg
  3. Wikipedia. (n.d.). Egyptian chronology. Wikimedia Foundation.
  4. Wikipedia. (n.d.). Karnak King List. Wikimedia Foundation.
  5. Wikipedia. (n.d.). List of pharaohs. Wikimedia Foundation.
  6. Wikipedia. (n.d.). Palermo Stone. Wikimedia Foundation.
  7. Wikipedia. (2025, November 8). Tomb of Tutankhamun. Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Tutankhamun
  8. Wikipedia. (n.d.). Turin King List. Wikimedia Foundation.
  9. Willems, H. 1996, The Coffin of Heqata (Cairo JdE 36418): A Case Study of the Egyptian Funerary Culture of the Early Middle Kingdom. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 70; Leuven.
  10. Wong, L., Rickerby, S., Phenix, A., et al. (2012). Examination of the wall paintings in Tutankhamen's Tomb: Inconsistencies in original technology. Studies in Conservation, 57(sup1), S322–S330.

Note: where a source did not specify a publication date or an individual author, standard APA notation for undated or organizational works — "(n.d.)" and title-first entries — has been used.

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