Academic Sources & Bibliography

Why this page exists

A bibliography at the end of a project is only useful if readers can actually find it. This page collects, in one place and in a standard academic citation format, every source consulted while researching the rulers and dynasties covered across the archive — from Narmer to Cleopatra VII.

Editorial oversight

This archive is compiled by Barry van der Laan MBA, an independent hobby-historian, with the help of AI. AI is used to analyse and index historical facts from the sources listed on this page, to draft the profiles from that research, and to check claims against those sources. Barry reviews the historical claims against the same sources and acts as the final editorial gatekeeper before anything is published.

Reference list

Every source below was entered into the project's research database during the compilation of the archive and drawn upon for one of three purposes: as direct evidence for a specific biographical or chronological claim, as a secondary synthesis used to verify dates and dynastic successions, or as a comparative reference used to correlate and reconcile conflicting accounts between sources. The full list is alphabetized in APA 7th edition style, with letter markers below to make an individual entry easy to locate.

B

1. Baker, D. D. (2008). The encyclopedia of the pharaohs: Volume 1: Predynastic to the twentieth dynasty (3300–1069 BC). Stacey International. ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9.
2. Bodleian Libraries. (n.d.). Databases A–Z. University of Oxford. https://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/az.php?s=132680
3. Bourriau, J. 1991, 'Patterns of change in burial customs during the Middle Kingdom' in S. Quirke (ed.), Middle Kingdom Studies, 3–20. New Malden.
4. The British Museum. (n.d.). Online research catalogues. https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online-research-catalogues
5. The British Museum. (n.d.). The Ramesseum papyri: Online research catalogue [Archived version]. UK Government Web Archive, The National Archives. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20190801105848/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/online_research_catalogues/rp/the_ramesseum_papyri.aspx

C

1. Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Ancient Egypt - Assets. Cambridge University Press.
2. Carnarvon, G. Herbert Earl of, et al. 1912, Five Years' Exploration at Thebes: A Record of Work Done 1907–1911. London.
3. Carter, H., & Mace, A. (1923). The tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen: Discovered by the late Earl of Carnarvon and Howard Carter (Vol. 1). Cassell & Company.
4. Carter, H., & Mace, A. (2000). The tomb of Tut Ankh Amen, Vol. III: The annexe and treasury. Duckworth.

D

1. Desroches-Noblecourt, C. (1963). Tutankhamen: Life and death of a pharaoh. New York Graphic Society.
2. Dodson, A., & Hilton, D. (2004). The complete royal families of ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05128-3.

E

1. Egypt Exploration Society. (n.d.). Tutankhamun: The life, death, and afterlife of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh. Retrieved January 8, 2026, from https://www.ees.ac.uk/resource/tutankhamun.html
2. El-Gohary, M. (2026). The tomb of Tutankhamun: A semantic review article. Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies, SI(1), SI1–SI8. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2026.499284

F

1. Forman, W. and Quirke, S. 1996, Hieroglyphs and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt. London.

G

1. Gardiner, A.H. 1907, 'Eine neue Handschrift des Sinuhegedichtes'. Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.hist. Kl., Berlin 7, 142–9.
2. Gardiner, A.H. 1955a, The Ramesseum Papyri. Oxford.

H

1. Harrell, J. (1992). Ancient Egyptian limestone quarries: A petrological survey. Archaeometry, 34(2), 195–211.
2. Hawass, Z., & Vannini, S. (2008). King Tutankhamun: Treasures of the tomb. Thames & Hudson.

I

1. Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures. (n.d.). Egypt. Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures.
2. Institute of Egyptian Art & Archaeology. (n.d.). Other Egypt web sites: Artifacts and museum collections. The University of Memphis.
3. Institute of Egyptian Art & Archaeology. (n.d.). Timeline of Ancient Egypt. The University of Memphis.

J

1. JAEI 20. (n.d.). University of Arizona Libraries.

L

1. Leach, B. 2006, 'A conservation history of the Ramesseum Papyri'. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 92, 225–40.
2. Lecuyot, G. 1999, 'Le Ramesseum de la Troisième Période Intermédiaire à l'époque copte' in Barbotin and Leblanc 1999: 75–80.
3. Leprohon, R. J. (2013). The great name: Ancient Egyptian royal titulary. Society of Biblical Literature.
4. Lorand, D. 2009, Le papyrus dramatique du Ramesseum. Lettres Orientales 13; Leuven.

M

1. MacDonald, S., McKeown, R., & Quirke, S. (n.d.). New initiatives at the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. UCL Press Journals.
2. Meyrat, P. 2011, 'Les papyrus magiques du Ramesseum. Recherches sur une bibliothèque privée de la fin du Moyen Empire'. Thèse présentée en vue de l'obtention du titre de Docteurs ès lettres; Université de Genève. Geneva.
3. Miniaci, G. 2011, Rishi Coffins and the Funerary Culture of Second Intermediate Period Egypt. GHP Egyptology 17; London.
4. Morenz, L. 1996, Beiträge zur ägyptischen Schriftlichkeitskultur des Mittleren Reiches und der Zweiten Zwischenzeit. Ägypten und Altes Testament 29; Wiesbaden.

N

1. Nelson, M. 2003, 'The Ramesseum Necropolis', in Strudwick and Taylor 2003: 88–94.
2. Nelson, M. 2006, 'La tombe d'une nourrice royale du début de la XVIIIème dynastie découverte au Ramesseum: Concession funéraire ST1.Sa05/pu01'. Memnonia 17, 115–29.

O

1. Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit. (n.d.). Radiocarbon dating and the Egyptian historical chronology. ORAU.

P

1. Parkinson, R.B. 1999, Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone and Decipherment. London.
2. PM: B. Porter, R.L. Moss et al., Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings (1st edn 7 vols, 2nd edn ongoing). Oxford, 1927–
3. PubMed. (n.d.). Radiocarbon-based chronology for dynastic Egypt. PubMed.

Q

1. Quack, J.F. 2006, 'Zur Lesung und Deutung des Dramatischen Ramesseumpapyrus'. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 133, 72–89.
2. Quibell, J.E. 1898, The Ramesseum. Egyptian Research Account 2, 1–21, pls 1–30a. London.
3. Quirke, S. 2005, Lahun: A Town in Egypt 1800 BC, and the History of its Landscape. Egyptian Sites [4]; London.

R

1. Raue, D. 1999, Heliopolis und das Haus des Re: Eine Prosopographie und ein Toponym im Neuen Reich. Abhandlungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo 16; Glückstadt, Hamburg, New York.
2. Raven, M. J. (1993). Mummies onder het mes. De Bataafsche Leeuw.
3. Reeves, C.N. 1990, Valley of the Kings: The Decline of a Royal Necropolis. London and New York.
4. Reeves, N. (1990). The complete Tutankhamun. Thames & Hudson.
5. Reeves, N. (2015). Tutankhamun's mask reconsidered. Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar, 19, 511–526.
6. Reeves, N., & Wilkinson, R. H. (1996). The complete Valley of the Kings: Tombs and treasures of Egypt's greatest pharaohs. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05080-4.
7. Ritner, R.K. 1993, The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 54; Chicago.
8. Ritner, R.K. 2006, '"And each staff transformed into a snake": The serpent wand in Ancient Egypt' in K. Szpakowska (ed.), Through a Glass Darkly: Magic, Dreams, and Prophecy in Ancient Egypt, 205–25. Swansea.
9. Roehrig, C. (2016). Royal tombs of the eighteenth dynasty. In R. Wilkinson & K. Weeks (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the Valley of the Kings (pp. 183–199). Oxford Academic.
10. Ryholt, K. (2004). The Turin King-list. Ägypten und Levante, 14, 135–155.

S

1. Sethe, K. 1928, Dramatische Texte zu altägyptischen Mysterienspielen. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens 10; Leipzig.
2. Shaw, I. (Ed.). (2000). The Oxford history of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press.
3. Smither, P. 1945, 'The Semnah Despatches'. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 31, 3–10.
4. Strudwick, N. 2001, The Legacy of Lord Carnarvon: Miniatures from Ancient Egypt and the Valley of the Kings [The University of Wyoming Art Museum exhibition catalogue]. Wyoming.
5. Strudwick, N. and Taylor, J. (ed.) 2003, The Theban Necropolis: Past, Present and Future. London.

U

1. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. (n.d.). About the UEE. UCLA.
2. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. (n.d.). Chronology. UCLA.
3. University College London. (n.d.). Digital Egypt for Universities. UCL.
4. University College London. (n.d.). Egyptian chronology. UCL.
5. University College London. (n.d.). Kings of Ptolemaic Egypt. UCL.
6. University College London. (n.d.). Kings of the New Kingdom. UCL.

V

1. Van Beek, N. (n.d.). Databases. Nicky van de Beek.
2. Van Beek, N., & Depauw, M. (n.d.). People in Greek documentary papyri. Trismegistos.org.

W

1. Wegner, J. 2009, 'A decorated birth-brick from South Abydos: New evidence on childbirth and birth magic in the Middle Kingdom', in D.P. Silverman, W.K. Simpson and J. Wegner (eds), Archaism and Innovation: Studies in the Culture of Middle Kingdom Egypt, 447–96. New Haven, Philadelphia.
2. Willems, H. 1996, The Coffin of Heqata (Cairo JdE 36418): A Case Study of the Egyptian Funerary Culture of the Early Middle Kingdom. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 70; Leuven.
3. Wong, L., Rickerby, S., Phenix, A., et al. (2012). Examination of the wall paintings in Tutankhamen's Tomb: Inconsistencies in original technology. Studies in Conservation, 57(sup1), S322–S330.

Note: where a source did not specify a publication date or an individual author, standard APA notation for undated or organizational works — "(n.d.)" and title-first entries — has been used.