Fragmentary Turin King List rulers
14th Dynasty — damaged Turin entries
Open full-size illustration →Source: Shaw, Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (2000)
Background
This entry stands in for a cluster of Fourteenth Dynasty kings whose names survive only as fragments in the already badly damaged section of the Turin Canon covering the Delta line. Unlike Nehesy or the better-attested "contested seal-name" rulers, these figures are not independently confirmed by any surviving monument, seal, or inscription; they exist in modern king lists purely because a partial hieratic sign or numeral was preserved on the papyrus. Research: UCL Digital Egypt; Turin Canon studies.
Dates from: Shaw, Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (2000)
Full profile
Why these names resist reconstruction
The Turin Canon was already centuries old and had suffered water damage, insect damage, and rough handling by the time it was excavated and pieced together by modern scholars, and its coverage of the Fourteenth Dynasty is among its worst-preserved sections. Egyptologists disagree not only on how these fragmentary entries should be read, but in some cases on whether a given fragment represents one king or the tail end of another. Being honest about this material means resisting the temptation to build a narrative where none is supportable: no reign lengths, family relationships, or historical events can be attached to these names with any confidence.
Sources for this profile
- Baker, D. D. (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume 1. Stacey International.
- Shaw, I. (Ed.). (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press.
- Ryholt, K. (2004). The Turin King-list. Ägypten und Levante, 14, 135–155.
- Dodson, A., & Hilton, D. (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson.
- University College London. Digital Egypt for Universities.
The complete, APA-formatted reference list is on the Academic Sources & Bibliography page.