Unplaced or contested Delta names
14th Dynasty — unplaced / contested late names
Open full-size illustration →Source: Shaw, Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (2000)
Background
This entry gathers a different kind of uncertainty from the badly damaged Turin Canon entries covered elsewhere: names attested reasonably well, usually on scarab seals bearing a royal titulary, but whose dynasty and date remain genuinely disputed among Egyptologists rather than simply unreadable. Some names grouped here have been assigned by different scholars to the Fourteenth Dynasty, the Fifteenth (Hyksos), or even the Thirteenth Dynasty, depending on how the scarab's style and findspot are interpreted. Kim Ryholt's influential but contested chronological reconstruction places several of them in the late Fourteenth Dynasty; other Egyptologists disagree. Research: UCL Digital Egypt; Turin Canon studies.
Reign dates: Shaw, Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (2000)
Full profile
Seal evidence without a fixed date
Unlike a royal stela or temple inscription, a scarab seal rarely carries any information beyond a king's name and titulary, with no dated event, regnal year, or geographic findspot precise enough to anchor it firmly in a sequence. Many Second Intermediate Period rulers are known from scarabs alone, and where several kings share similar-sounding throne names, or where a scarab was found far from where it was originally produced, scholars can reasonably disagree about which dynasty, and even which century, a given name belongs to. This entry is best read as a placeholder for that ongoing scholarly disagreement rather than as evidence of a specific reign.
Sources for this profile
- Baker, D. D. (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume 1. Stacey International.
- Shaw, I. (Ed.). (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press.
- Ryholt, K. (2004). The Turin King-list. Ägypten und Levante, 14, 135–155.
- Dodson, A., & Hilton, D. (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson.
- University College London. Digital Egypt for Universities.
The complete, APA-formatted reference list is on the Academic Sources & Bibliography page.